SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Shell (structure)</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shell (structure)</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>A <b>shell</b> is a three-dimensional solid <a href="Structural_element" title="Structural element">structural element</a> whose thickness is very small compared to its other dimensions. It is characterized in structural terms by mid-plane stress which is both coplanar and normal to the surface. A shell can be derived from a <a href="Plate_(structure)" title="Plate (structure)">plate</a> in two steps: by initially forming the middle surface as a singly or doubly curved surface,<sup id="cite_ref-Z05_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then by applying loads which are coplanar to the plate's <a href="Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> thus generating significant stresses.

Materials range from concrete (a <i><a href="Concrete_shell" title="Concrete shell">concrete shell</a></i>) to fabric (as in <i><a href="Fabric_structure" title="Fabric structure">fabric structures</a></i>).

</p><p><b>Thin-shell structures</b> (also called <b>plate and shell structures</b>) are lightweight constructions using <a href="List_of_structural_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of structural elements">shell elements</a>. These elements, typically curved, are assembled to make large structures. Typical applications include aircraft <a href="Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselages</a>, boat hulls, and the <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roofs</a> of large buildings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness. A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to the plates structure which is flat. <a href="Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">Membrane</a> action in a shell is primarily caused by in-plane forces (<a href="Plane_stress" title="Plane stress">plane stress</a>), but there may be secondary forces resulting from flexural deformations. Where a flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and <a href="Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stresses</a>, shells are analogous to a cable which resists loads through tensile stresses. The ideal thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and compression.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>The most popular types of thin-shell structures are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Concrete_shell" title="Concrete shell">Concrete shell</a> structures, often cast as a <a href="Monolithic_dome" title="Monolithic dome">monolithic dome</a> or <a href="Stressed_ribbon_bridge" title="Stressed ribbon bridge">stressed ribbon bridge</a> or <a href="Saddle_roof" title="Saddle roof">saddle roof</a></li>

<li>Lattice shell structures, also called <a href="Gridshell" title="Gridshell">gridshell</a> structures, often in the form of a <a href="Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a> or a <a href="Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Membrane_structure" title="Membrane structure">Membrane structures</a>, which include <a href="Fabric_structure" title="Fabric structure">fabric structures</a> and other <a href="Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">tensile structures</a>, cable domes, and <a href="Pneumatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic structure">pneumatic structures</a>.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col">

<ul><li><a href="Monocoque" title="Monocoque">Monocoque</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagrid" title="Diagrid">Diagrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretched_grid_method" title="Stretched grid method">Stretched grid method</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_thin-shell_structures" title="List of thin-shell structures">List of thin-shell structures</a></li></ul>

<p><b>Persons related:</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="F%C3%A9lix_Candela" title="Félix Candela">Félix Candela</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyckerhoff_%26_Widmann" title="Dyckerhoff & Widmann">Dyckerhoff & Widmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Fl%C3%BCgge" title="Wilhelm Flügge">Wilhelm Flügge</a></li>

<li><a href="Eug%C3%A8ne_Freyssinet" title="Eugène Freyssinet">Eugène Freyssinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Isler" title="Heinz Isler">Heinz Isler</a></li>

<li><a href="Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Pier Luigi Nervi</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_(structure)" title="Plate (structure)">Plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Edwin_Sechler" title="Ernest Edwin Sechler">Ernest Edwin Sechler</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a>

<ul><li><a href="All-Russia_Exhibition_1896" title="All-Russia Exhibition 1896">All-Russia Exhibition 1896</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eduardo_Torroja" title="Eduardo Torroja">Eduardo Torroja</a></li>

<li><a href="Membrane_theory_of_shells" title="Membrane theory of shells">Membrane theory of shells</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFO.C._Zienkiewicz_and_R.L._Taylor." class="citation book cs1">O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor. <i>The finite element method for solid and structural mechanics</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChenLui2005" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Wai-Fah; Lui, E. M., eds. (2005-02-28). <i>Handbook of Structural Engineering, Second Edition</i> (2 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780849315695</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBechthold2008" class="citation book cs1">Bechthold, Martin (2008-03-20). <i>Innovative Surface Structures: Technologies and Applications</i> (1 ed.). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415419673</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSuchov1990" class="citation book cs1">Suchov, Vladimir G. (1990). Rainer Gaefe (ed.). <i>VLADIMIR G. SUCHOV 1853-1939; Die Kunst Der Sparsamen Konstruktion</i> (1st ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783421029843</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thin-shell_structure" class="extiw external" title="q:Thin-shell structure">Thin-shell structure</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thin-shell_structures" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Thin-shell structures">Thin-shell structures</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/index.cfm?ID=1009">Thin-shell structures</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/index.cfm?ID=1013">Double thin-shells structures</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recentpast.org/types/hyperpara/">Hypar & Concrete Shells</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/39277">Past and Future of Grid Shell Structures</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/30513/file_preview/50_1.pdf">Shape optimization of Shell and Spatial structure</a> (PDF)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230958/http://www.mscsoftware.com/events/vpd2007/emea/presentations/EMEA_VPD2007_Khrunichev-eng_R_2007_12_14.pdf">Lattice Shell for Space Vehicles</a> (PDF)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedex.es/iass/">International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures</a></li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Shell_(structure)&oldid=1284463311">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>